Interactive Data Explorer

The American Banking Landscape, 1970–2010

How 22,500 banks across 3,000 counties shaped credit access from 1970 to 2010.
Data: Call Reports Balance Sheets, Correia, Luck & Verner (QJE, 2026). Source
By Elisa Xi Chen, Harvard University
1970
Select a year (1970–2010)
19701980199020002010
Bank type: | Color scale:
Geographic View

Banking by State

Click any state to zoom in and see county level data.

Rankings

State and County Rankings

National Trends

Four Decades of American Banking

Key metrics from 1970 to 2010
Loan Portfolios

How Banks Allocated Credit

The composition of bank lending shifted over four decades
Note. Data from Call Reports Balance Sheets, Correia, Sergio A., Stephan Luck, and Emil Verner. 2026. “Failing Banks,” Quarterly Journal of Economics. Available at NY Fed. Dollar amounts are in millions (nominal). Total loan figures for 1970–1975 are estimated from subcategory sums due to reporting changes. “All banks” includes commercial banks, savings banks, and other depository institutions reported in Call Reports. “Commercial only” restricts to national banks (NAT), national member banks (NMB), state member banks (SMB), and national trust companies (NTC).

HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index) measures bank market concentration, following Drechsler, Savov & Schnabl (2017, QJE). For each geographic unit c (county or state), HHIc = Σb s2b,c, where sb,c = Depositsb,c / Σb' Depositsb',c is the deposit market share of bank b. HHI ranges from 0 to 1. Higher values indicate greater market concentration (fewer banks hold larger shares of deposits); lower values indicate more competition.